A 32 years old female presented to OPD with complaints of cough with expectoration and left sided chest discomfort/pain along with fever on/off esp. in evenings from last 20 days *History* She is 3 months amenorrhea and her LMP was 1.06.2021 *Investigations* Her KFT and CBC is normal as of now Sputum for AFB is negative, but I dont consider it as reliable due to Lab so have ordered a Sputum for CBNAAT(Genexpert) and Sputum culture too HbA1c is awaited and post prandial sugar readings are awaited *Management* I have started her on following - Tab Glycomet SR 500 BD, Inj Lantus 10 units SC at 10 pm Tab Azilide 500 OD Tab Ceftum 500 BD PPI Tab Dolo 650 SOS if fever crosses 100 F Syp Ascoril LS 2tsf TDS Nebulise with Asthelin + Budecort 12 hourly Kindly guide for GDM management in such patient

Good morning dear friends and colleagues, Today let's have a look at Gestational diabetes mellitus. With regards, Dr Sepuri Tirumala Devi.

You can find here key changes in ADA guidelines. They are published in Diabetes Care once yearly in the month of January. GENERAL CHANGES The field of diabetes care is rapidly changing as new research, technology, and treatments that can improve the health and well-being of people with diabetes continue to emerge. With annual updates since 1989, the ADA has long been a leader in producing guidelines that capture the most current state of the field. To that end, the “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” now includes a dedicated section on Diabetes Technology, which contains preexisting material that was previously in other sections that has been consolidated, as well as new recommendations. SECTION 1. IMPROVING CARE AND PROMOTING HEALTH IN POPULATIONS Additional information was included on the financial costs of diabetes to individuals and society. Because telemedicine is a growing field that may increase access to care for patients with diabetes, discussion was added on its use to facilitate remote delivery of health-related services and clinical information. SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES Based on new data, the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes was changed to include two abnormal test results from the same sample (i.e., fasting plasma glucose and A1C from same sample). The section was reorganized to improve flow and reduce redundancy. Additional conditions were identified that may affect A1C test accuracy including the postpartum period. SECTION 3. PREVENTION OR DELAY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES This section was moved and is now located before the Lifestyle Management section to better reflect the progression of type 2 diabetes. The nutrition section was updated to highlight the importance of weight loss for those at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes who have overweight or obesity. Because smoking may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, a section on tobacco use and cessation was added. SECTION 4. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF COMORBIDITIES On the basis of a new consensus report on diabetes and language, new text was added to guide health care professionals’ use of language to communicate about diabetes with people with diabetes and professional audiences in an informative, empowering, and educational style. A new figure from the ADA-European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) consensus report about the diabetes care decision cycle was added to emphasize the need for ongoing assessment and shared decision making to achieve the goals of health care and avoid clinical inertia. A new recommendation was added to explicitly call out the importance of the diabetes care team and to list the professionals that make up the team. A recommendation was added to include the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk as part of overall risk assessment. The fatty liver disease section was revised to include updated text and a new recommendation regarding when to test for liver disease. SECTION 5. LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT Evidence continues to suggest that there is NOT an ideal percentage of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat for all people with diabetes. Therefore, more discussion was added about the importance of macronutrient distribution based on an individualized assessment of current eating patterns, preferences, and metabolic goals. Additional considerations were added to the eating patterns, macronutrient distribution, and meal planning sections to better identify candidates for meal plans, specifically for low-carbohydrate eating patterns and people who are pregnant or lactating, who have or are at risk for disordered eating, who have renal disease, and who are taking sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. There is NOT a one-size-fits-all eating pattern for individuals with diabetes, and meal planning should be individualized. A recommendation was modified to encourage people with diabetes to decrease consumption of both sugar sweetened and nonnutritive-sweetened beverages and use other alternatives, with an emphasis on water intake. The sodium consumption recommendation was modified to eliminate the further restriction that was potentially indicated for those with both diabetes and hypertension. Additional discussion was added to the physical activity section to include the benefit of a variety of leisure-time physical activities and flexibility and balance exercises. The discussion about e-cigarettes was expanded to include more on public perception and how their use to aide smoking cessation was not more effective than “usual care.” SECTION 6. GLYCEMIC TARGETS This section now begins with a discussion of A1C tests to highlight the centrality of A1C testing in glycemic management. To emphasize that the risks and benefits of glycemic targets can change as diabetes progresses and patients age, a recommendation was added to reevaluate glycemic targets over time. The section was modified to align with the living Standards updates made in April 2018 regarding the consensus definition of hypoglycemia. SECTION 7. DIABETES TECHNOLOGY This new section includes new recommendations, the self-monitoring of blood glucose section formerly included in Section 6 “Glycemic Targets,” and a discussion of insulin delivery devices, blood glucose meters, continuous glucose monitors (real-time and intermittently scanned, and automated insulin delivery devices. The recommendation to use self-monitoring of blood glucose in people who are not using insulin was changed to acknowledge that routine glucose monitoring is of limited additional clinical benefit in this population. SECTION 8. OBESITY MANAGEMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES A recommendation was modified to acknowledge the benefits of tracking weight, activity, etc., in the context of achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. A brief section was added on medical devices for weight loss, which are not currently recommended due to limited data in people with diabetes. The recommendations for metabolic surgery were modified to align with recent guidelines, citing the importance of considering comorbidities beyond diabetes when contemplating the appropriateness of metabolic surgery for a given patient. SECTION 9. PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO GLYCEMIC TREATMENT The section on the pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes was significantly changed to align, as per the living Standards update in October 2018, with the ADA-EASD consensus report on this topic. This includes consideration of key patient factors: (a) important comorbidities such as ASCVD, CKD, and HF, (b) hypoglycemia risk, (c) effects on body weight, (d) side effects, (e) costs, and (f) patient preferences. To align with the ADA-EASD consensus report, the approach to injectable medication therapy was revised. A recommendation that, for most patients who need the greater efficacy of an injectable medication, a GLP-1 agonist should be the first choice, ahead of insulin. A new section was added on insulin injection technique, emphasizing the importance of technique for appropriate insulin dosing and the avoidance of complications (lipodystrophy, etc.). The section on non-insulin pharmacologic treatments for DM1 was abbreviated, as these are not generally recommended. SECTION 10. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND RISK MANAGEMENT For the first time, this section is endorsed by the American College of Cardiology. Additional text was added to acknowledge heart failure as an important type of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes for consideration when determining optimal diabetes care. The blood pressure recommendations were modified to emphasize the importance of individualization of targets based on cardiovascular risk. A discussion of the appropriate use of the ASCVD risk calculator was included, and recommendations were modified to include assessment of 10-year ASCVD risk as part of overall risk assessment and in determining optimal treatment approaches. The recommendation and text regarding the use of aspirin in primary prevention was updated with new data. For alignment with the ADA-EASD consensus report, two recommendations were added for the use of medications that have proven cardiovascular benefit in people with ASCVD, with and without heart failure. SECTION 11. MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND FOOT CARE To align with the ADA-EASD consensus report, a recommendation was added for people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease to consider agents with proven benefit with regard to renal outcomes. The recommendation on the use of telemedicine in retinal screening was modified to acknowledge the utility of this approach, so long as appropriate referrals are made for a comprehensive eye examination. Gabapentin was added to the list of agents to be considered for the treatment of neuropathic pain in people with diabetes based on data on efficacy and the potential for cost savings. The gastroparesis section includes a discussion of a few additional treatment modalities. The recommendation for patients with diabetes to have their feet inspected at every visit was modified to only include those at high risk for ulceration. Annual examinations remain recommended for everyone. SECTION 12. OLDER ADULTS A new section and recommendation on lifestyle management was added to address the unique nutritional and physical activity needs and considerations for older adults. Within the pharmacologic therapy discussion, de-intensification of insulin regimes was introduced to help simplify insulin regimen to match individual’s self-management abilities. SECTION 13. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Introductory language was added to the beginning of this section reminding the reader that the epidemiology, pathophysiology, developmental considerations, and response to therapy in pediatric-onset diabetes are different from adult diabetes, and that there are also differences in recommended care for children and adolescents with type 1 as opposed to type 2 diabetes. A recommendation was added to emphasize the need for disordered eating screening in youth with type 1 diabetes beginning at 10–12 years of age. Based on new evidence, a recommendation was added discouraging e-cigarette use in youth. The discussion of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents was significantly expanded, with new recommendations in a number of areas, including screening and diagnosis, lifestyle management, pharmacologic management, and transition of care to adult providers. New sections and/or recommendations for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents were added for glycemic targets, metabolic surgery, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, cardiac function testing, and psychosocial factors. SECTION 14. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY Women with preexisting diabetes are now recommended to have their care managed in a multidisciplinary clinic to improve diabetes and pregnancy outcomes. Greater emphasis has been placed on the use of insulin as the preferred medication for treating hyperglycemia in gestational diabetes mellitus as it does not cross the placenta to a measurable extent and how metformin and glyburide should not be used as first-line agents as both cross the placenta to the fetus. SECTION 15. DIABETES CARE IN THE HOSPITAL Because of their ability to improve hospital readmission rates and cost of care, a new recommendation was added calling for providers to consider consulting with a specialized diabetes or glucose management team where possible when caring for hospitalized patients with diabetes. SECTION 16. DIABETES ADVOCACY The “Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group: Conclusions and Recommendations” ADA statement was added to this section. Published in 2018, this statement compiled public information and convened a series of meetings with stakeholders throughout the insulin supply chain to learn how each entity affects the cost of insulin for the consumer, an important topic for the ADA and people living with diabetes.

EARLY PERIODS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES. March 6, 2017. American Journal of Epidemiology (2017). DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww201 THE AGE AT WHICH GIRLS START MENSTRUATING COULD FLAG A LATER RISK OF DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY, according to a University of Queensland study UQ School of Public Health researchers analysed DATA from MORE THAN 4700 WOMEN from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health and found a higher number of women who reported having their FIRST PERIOD AT A YOUNGER AGE HAD LATER DEVELOPED GESTATIONAL DIABETES. Researcher Danielle Schoenaker said those who had their FIRST PERIOD AT AGE 11 OR YOUNGER WERE 50 PER CENT MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP GESTATIONAL DIABETES THAN those WHO EXPERIENCED their first period AT age 13. "This finding could MEAN that HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WILL START ASKING WOMEN WHEN THEY HAD THEIR FIRST PERIOD TO IDENTIFY THOSE AT HIGHER RISK OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES," Ms Schoenaker said. Gestational diabetes is an INCREASINGLY common PREGNANCY COMPLICATION and CAN have LONG-LASTING HEALTH CONSEQUENCES FOR MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN. Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health Director Professor Gita Mishra said EARLY PUBERTY IN GIRLS had NOW been shown to be A SIGNIFICANT MARKER FOR SEVERAL ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES. "Research into this topic is of particular public health importance due to GLOBAL TRENDS OF GIRLS STARTING THEIR MENSTRUAL CYCLES AT A YOUNGER AGE," Professor Mishra said. Ms Schoenaker said the significant association with gestational diabetes risk remained after researchers took into account BODY MASS INDEX AND CHILDHOOD, REPRODUCTIVE AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS. "A LARGE PROPORTION of women who DEVELOP DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY are OVERWEIGHT or OBESE, and encouraging those with an EARLY start of PUBERTY to CONTROL their WEIGHT BEFORE PREGNANCY MAY HELP to lower their risk of gestational diabetes," she said. "While a HEALTHY WEIGHT IS IMPORTANT, it is also plausible that the HIGHER RISK is EXPLAINED BY HORMONAL CHANGES, and the RESEARCH CALLS FOR MORE STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS BEHIND THIS." The research is published in the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. ......................................................................................................... MORE INFORMATION: Danielle A. J. M. Schoenaker et al, Association Between Age at Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, American Journal of Epidemiology (2017). DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww201 *************************************************************** PROVIDED BY: University of Queensland. _______________________________________ CREDIT: CC0 Public Domain. =====================×=======================

A case of a 44 year old G3P2(2002) Pregnancy uterine 38 wks AOG in labor, previous Cesarean Section II (1997, 2012). In her present pregnancy she has Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. On her 36th week her ultrasound findings were: placenta anterior grade II, the leading edge of the placenta is 9.8cm overlapped from the internal cervical os. Placental doppler/color flow mapping revealed: presence of placental lacunae, focal lacunar flow pattern, markedly dilated vessels over the peripheral subplacental region, sonulucent vascular lakes with tubular flow ("placental lakes"), absent exophytic mass invading the bladder. Patient underwent Primary Classical Cesarean Section with Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. She delivered to a live baby girl, AS, 9,9 birthweight 3310grams, Ballards Score 38 weeks. Blood loss intraop: 2L. This are the images during intraop and the gross specimen. What condition does the patient have to make her diagnosis complete? ??